A volcano that is not presently erupting and is not likely to do so for a very long time in the future. A mudslide caused by the mixing of volcanic ash and debris with water.
A lahar, usually caused by heavy rainfall after an eruption, looks like a mass of wet concrete carrying rocks that range in size from gravel to boulders 30 yards in diameter.
A lahar can also be triggered during an eruption by the quick melting of snow or the ejection of water from a crater lake.
What magma, or molten rock, is called once it reaches the surface. Lava, which can reach 2, degrees Fahrenheit or more, usually moves at speeds between one-third and two-thirds of a mile per hour, which you can easily outwalk. A normal walking speed is 2 mph to 4 mph. However, lava flowing down a channel can speed along considerably faster, up to about 23 mph, which is about as fast as a sprinter running a yard dash.
Basalt meteorites from Mars indicate that volcanism has occurred in the last million years. Very few impact craters occur on the lava flows of Olympus Mons, suggesting that this volcano has probably erupted in the last few million years. Oblique view of the Olympus Mons volcano on Mars. The large depression in the upper center of the image is the caldera. When magma erupted out of vents on the side of the volcano, the rock near the summit collapsed, producing the caldera.
Venus: Venus has more than volcanic features and many of these look fresh — unweathered. Much of the surface of Venus has been covered by huge flows of basalt lava, probably in the last few hundred million years.
This blanket of lava completely covered the surface features, such as impact craters. The fact that only a few craters dot the surface provides evidence of the recent nature of this resurfacing. Computer-generated view of Maat Mons on Venus. This image is from Magellan spacecraft radar data; the atmosphere of Venus is too thick for telescopes to see through. Dark areas are smooth, interpreted to be older lava flows. Bright areas are rough, interpreted to be young lava flows.
Io: Jupiter's innermost moon, Io, is the most volcanically active body in our entire solar system! NASA missions imaged massive plumes shooting hundreds of kilometers above the surface, active lava flows, and walls of fire associated with magma flowing from fissures.
The entire surface of Io is covered with volcanic centers and lava flows, which have covered all of its impact craters. Voyager image of Io. Looking for a live map that shows in real time using Google maps and public data of all known active wildfires in California? Real time data can be found here, including evacuation information.
The Vulcan Vent has a design meant to contain fires and dangerous embers outside buildings. Hint: Not Star Trek. It may be logical to assume as much, but one would be incorrect. The building of different types of universal recognition models is an attractive option to raise the efficiency, i.
There are still open issues to solve, as the strong influence that the quality of the manual labeling and the data description scheme have on the VSR scores. In any case, having a robust volcano-independent solution allows to recognize events which have not previously appeared in the volcano recordings.
This provides a valuable input to early warning systems monitoring dormant volcanoes and to properly characterize the current volcano state in its eruptive cycle. This work presents the Volcano-Independent Seismic Recognition as a solution to classic issues when implementing automatic Volcano-Seismic Recognition systems in volcano observatories.
Current monitoring centers usually have limited resources to develop their own systems. They still detect and classify manually, which restrains their response in case of volcanic unrest. The authors have deployed a platform to develop portable recognition systems providing several tools to easily integrate and use the framework in observatories and to build applications for cataloging volcano-seismic events: pyVERSO to design recognition systems adapted to a given volcano, geoStudio to graphically detect and classify events in offline interactive operations, and liveVSR to continuously recognize in real-time events from remote or local data servers.
Even though these programs are still in development, their application examples and baseline results point out the proposed approach as an exciting breakthrough in the volcano monitoring area. Next efforts will be directed to increase the number of prebuilt volcano-independent models for enhancing the system robustness and to extend geoStudio capabilities with an interface to manually label data and with a guided-process to deploy customized recognition systems.
GC designed and implemented most of the VI. VSR framework, wrote the manuscript, and produced the figures. VSR applications in eruption forecasting, respectively. VSR dissemination and support over several volcano observatories. MM developed part of the platform technology and statistical modeling. ID worked on data labeling, model building, software testing and experimentation. All authors contributed to the manuscript review. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
We would like to thank every contribution to the universal databases and everybody involved in the labeling process. VSR technology was developed. We also thank the reviewers, the guest associate editor Luca de Siena and the chief editor Valerio Acocella for their valuable comments, which significantly improved the manuscript.
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